A, was legendary carpet that can be used to transport persons who are on it instantaneously or quickly to their destination.Folklore (or lore) consists of, and customs that are the of a culture,. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The is sometimes called.
The word 'folklore' was first used by the English antiquarian in a letter published in the London journal The Athenaeum in 1846. In usage, there is a continuum between folklore. Made a major attempt to index the of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline into which new can be placed, and scholars can keep track of all older motifs.Folklore can be divided into four areas of study: (such as voodoo dolls), describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition), culture, and behavior. These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.
The three wise monkeys over the shrine in,Objects such as dolls, decorative items used in religious rituals, and handmade clothing and other crafts are considered to be folk artifacts, grouped within the field as 'material culture'. Additionally, figures that depict characters from folklore, such as statues of the may be considered to be folklore artifacts, depending on how they are used within a culture. The operative definition would depend on whether the artifacts are used and appreciated within the same community in which they are made, and whether they follow a community. Oral traditionFolklore can contain religious or mythic elements, it equally concerns itself with the sometimes mundane traditions of everyday life. Folklore frequently ties the practical and the esoteric into one narrative package. It has often been conflated with, and vice versa, because it has been assumed that any figurative story that does not pertain to the dominant beliefs of the time is not of the same status as those dominant beliefs.
Thus, religion is called 'myth' by today's dominant religions. In that way, both 'myth' and 'folklore' have become catch-all terms for all figurative narratives which do not correspond with the dominant belief structure.Sometimes 'folklore' is religious in nature, like the tales of the or those found in. Many of the tales in the of also embody folklore elements in a Christian context, as well as the tales of Old Mr.
Examples of such are the themes woven round. In this case, the term 'folklore' is being used in a pejorative sense.'
What is folklore? Defining Folklore. Rather than offering a definition of folklore, Dundes provides a list of various types of folklore to demonstrate the large range of the field of study. His list includes the expected subjects of folktales, legends, myths, ballads, festivals, folk dance and song, but also offers examples of folklore that. Folklore is a collection of fictional stories about animals and people, of cultural myths, jokes, songs, tales, and even quotes. It is a description of culture, which has been passed down verbally from generation to generation, though many are now in written form.
Folktales' is a general term for different varieties of traditional narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural universal, common to basic and complex societies alike.
Even the forms folktales take are certainly similar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrative ways have been successful in showing these relationships. Also it is considered to be an oral tale to be told for everybody. Is a of German origin, recorded by the in 1812. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the (1893) by and a stop-motion animated feature film based on the opera. Artwork by, 1909On the other hand, folklore can be used to accurately describe a figurative narrative, which has no sacred or religious content. In the view, which is but one method of analysis, it may instead pertain to unconscious psychological patterns, instincts or of the mind. This may or may not have components of the (such as, or the personification of inanimate objects).
These folktales may or may not emerge from a religious tradition, but nevertheless speak to deep psychological issues. The familiar folktale, ', is an example of this fine line. The manifest purpose of the tale may primarily be one of mundane instruction regarding forest safety or secondarily a about the dangers of famine to large families, but its latent meaning may evoke a strong emotional response due to the widely understood and such as “The Terrible Mother”, “Death,” and “Atonement with the Father.”There can be both a moral and psychological scope to the work, as well as entertainment value, depending upon the nature of the teller, the style of the telling, the ages of the audience members, and the overall context of the. Folklorists generally resist universal interpretations of and, wherever possible, analyze versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than print sources, which often show the work or bias of the or.Contemporary narratives common in the Western world include the.
There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however, that most people do not realize they are folklore, such as, children's and, (including ), and customs and life-cycle. Narratives can be seen, in some sense, to refigure the tales of pre-Christian, or even the Ascent of to heaven., in introducing a bibliography on the topic, noted that most modern folklorists are largely unaware of classical parallels and precedents, in materials that are only partly represented by the familiar designation: 'Ancient Greek and Roman literature contains rich troves of folklore and popular beliefs, many of which have counterparts in modern contemporary legends' (Such as Mayor, 2000).' S classic study Morphology of the Folktale (1928) became the basis of research into the structure of folklore texts. Propp discovered a uniform in. His book has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages. The English translation was issued in USA in 1958, some 30 years after the publication of the original. It was met by approving reviews and significantly influenced later research on folklore and, more generally, structural semantics.
Though his work was based on syntagmatic structure, it gave the scope to understand the structure of folktales, of which he discovered thirty one functions. CulturalFolklorist states that folklore has many cultural aspects, such as allowing for escape from societal consequences.
In addition, folklore can also serve to validate a culture (romantic nationalism), as well as transmit a culture's morals and values. Folklore can also be the root of many cultural types of music., and all originate from American folklore. Examples of artists which have used folkloric themes in their music would be:, and many others. Folklore can also be used to assert social pressures, or relieve them, for example in the case of and.In addition, folklorists study medical, supernatural, religious, and political belief systems as an essential, often unspoken, part of expressive culture. RitualsMany can sometimes be considered folklore, whether formalized in a cultural or religious system (e.g.
Weddings, baptisms, harvest festivals) or practiced within a family or secular context. For example, in certain parts of the United States (as well as other countries) one places a knife, or a pair of scissors, under the mattress to 'cut the birth pains' after giving birth. Additionally, children's can be defined as behavioral folklore. Categories of folklore. Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, 'Folkloristics: An Introduction,', 1995.
Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, 'Folkloristics: An Introduction,' pp.313 Indiana University Press, 1995. Kniffen, Fred, and Henry Glassie. 'Building in Wood in the Eastern United States: A Time-Place Perspective.' Schlereth, ed., Material Culture Studies in America.
Nashville, Tenn.: AASLH Press, 1982. Wolfgang Mieder, 'The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys' Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore 7 (1981):5-38. L. Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, Second Edition, revised and edited with a Preface of Louis A. Wagner, 1968. Kenneth S. Goldstein, 'Strategy in Counting Out: An Ethnographic Folklore Field Study,' in Elliott M.
Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith, eds., The Study of Games New York:, 1971.Further reading., from Folklore (April 2000). Coffin, Tristram P.; Cohen, Hennig, (editors), Folklore in America; tales, songs, superstitions, proverbs, riddles, games, folk drama and folk festivals,: Doubleday, 1966. Selections from the Journal of American folklore.External links. from around the world. '. 1921. Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
Cambridge University Press.
1909The formal definition of verbal lore is words, both written and oral, which are 'spoken, sung, voiced forms of traditional utterance that show repetitive patterns.' Crucial here are the repetitive patterns. Verbal lore is not just any conversation, but words and phrases conforming to a traditional configuration recognized by both the speaker and the audience.An example is the child's song, where each performance is distinctive in the animals named, their order and their sounds. Songs such as this are used to express cultural values (farms are important, farmers are old and weather-beaten) and teach children about different domesticated animals.
This is folklore in action. Below is listed a small sampling of types and examples of verbal lore.
Horse and sulky weathervane, Smithsonian American Art MuseumThe genre of material culture includes all artifacts that you can touch, hold, live in or eat. They are tangible objects, with a physical presence intended for use either permanently or just at next meal.
Most of these folklore artifacts are single objects which have been created by hand for a specific purpose. However folk artifacts can also be mass-produced, such as dreidels or Christmas decorations. These items continue to be considered folklore due to their long (pre-industrial) history and their customary use. All of these material objects 'existed prior to and continue alongside mechanized industry. They are transmitted across the generations and subject to the same forces of conservative tradition and individual variation' that are found in all folk artifacts. Of interest to folklorists are their physical form, their method of manufacture or construction, their pattern of use as well as the procurement of the raw materials.
The meaning to those who both make and use these objects is important. Of primary significance in these studies is the complex balance of continuity over change in both their design and their decoration.This list represents just a small sampling of objects and skills which are included in studies of material culture.Customsis remembered enactment, i.e. It is the patterns of expected behavior within a group, the 'traditional and expected way of doing things' A custom can be a single gesture, such as thumbs down or a. It can also be a complex interaction of multiple folk customs and artifacts as seen in a child's birthday party, including verbal lore (Happy Birthday song), material lore (presents and a cake), special games and individual customs (making a wish as you blow out the candles). Each of these is a folklore artifact in its own right, potentially worthy of investigation and cultural analysis. Together they combine to build the custom of a birthday party celebration, a scripted combination of multiple artifacts which have meaning within their social group. Children's Games (1560) by, shows five boys playing buck buck in the bottom right hand corner of the painting.is a distinct branch of folklore that deals with activities passed on by children to other children, away from the influence or supervision of an adult.
Children's folklore contains artifacts from all the standard folklore genres of verbal, material and customary lore.Children teach, learn and share their own traditions, flourishing in a street culture outside the view of adults.Here the social group of children is studied on its own terms. It is shown that the is quite distinctive; it is generally unnoticed by the sophisticated world of adults, and not really affected by it.Below is listed just a small sampling of types and examples of childlore and games.